Formation of Congress, its Ideology and Propaganda in Early Phase

 Title: The Formation of Congress, Its Ideology, and Propaganda in the Early Phase

Introduction:

The Indian National Congress (INC), founded in 1885, played a pivotal role in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule. This essay aims to explore the formation of the Congress, its ideological underpinnings, and the propaganda strategies employed during its early phase. By examining these aspects, we can gain insight into the Congress's evolution as a nationalist movement and its significance in shaping India's political landscape.

1. Formation of the Indian National Congress:

The Indian National Congress was founded during a period of growing discontent and political awakening in British India. Its formation was spurred by the desire to articulate Indian grievances and mobilize public opinion against colonial policies.

- Background Context: The late 19th century witnessed the impact of British policies such as the economic exploitation of India, racial discrimination, and cultural suppression. Simultaneously, the rise of Indian intelligentsia and the spread of modern education fostered a sense of political consciousness among Indians.

- Founding Session: The Indian National Congress held its first session in December 1885 in Bombay (now Mumbai), with prominent Indian leaders such as Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, and Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee playing key roles. The Congress aimed to provide a platform for political expression and agitation against British colonial rule.

- Objectives: The early objectives of the Congress included advocating for political representation, civil liberties, and administrative reforms within the framework of British colonialism. It sought to address socio-economic grievances and promote national unity among diverse Indian communities.

2. Ideology of the Indian National Congress:

The Indian National Congress espoused a liberal-democratic ideology rooted in principles of constitutionalism, nationalism, and social reform. Its ideological framework evolved over time in response to changing political dynamics and socio-economic conditions in colonial India.

- Constitutionalism: The Congress initially sought to achieve its objectives through constitutional means, petitioning the British government for reforms and participating in legislative councils. Leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale advocated for "petition, prayer, and protest" as legitimate methods of political action.

- Nationalism: The Congress articulated a vision of Indian nationalism based on the idea of a united and inclusive India, transcending religious, linguistic, and regional divisions. Nationalist leaders emphasized the common heritage and shared aspirations of Indians, highlighting the need for unity in the struggle against colonialism.

- Social Reform: Alongside its political objectives, the Congress championed social reform initiatives aimed at addressing issues such as caste discrimination, women's rights, and education. Leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Jyotirao Phule, and Pandita Ramabai played influential roles in advocating for social equality and empowerment.

3. Propaganda in the Early Phase:

The Indian National Congress employed various propaganda strategies to disseminate its ideology, mobilize public opinion, and garner support for its objectives. These strategies encompassed a range of activities, including public speeches, pamphleteering, newspapers, and cultural initiatives.

- Public Speeches and Meetings: Congress leaders utilized public speeches and mass meetings to disseminate nationalist ideas, articulate grievances against British rule, and mobilize support for the Congress's objectives. These gatherings provided platforms for leaders to connect with the masses and inspire collective action.

- Pamphleteering and Publications: The Congress published pamphlets, leaflets, and newspapers to reach a wider audience and spread its message across different regions of India. Publications such as the "Indian Mirror," "Kesari," and "Sudharak" played significant roles in promoting nationalist consciousness and political awareness.

- Cultural Initiatives: The Congress recognized the importance of culture and literature in fostering national unity and pride. Cultural initiatives, including the promotion of Indian languages, literature, and traditional arts, were integral to the Congress's propaganda efforts in nurturing a sense of Indian identity and heritage.

- International Outreach: The Congress actively sought to garner international support for India's struggle against colonialism. Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Surendranath Banerjee represented Indian interests at international forums and used platforms such as the Indian National Congress's session to raise awareness about India's plight on the global stage.

Conclusion:

The formation of the Indian National Congress marked a significant milestone in India's journey towards independence, providing a platform for political expression, agitation, and mobilization against British colonial rule. Rooted in principles of constitutionalism, nationalism, and social reform, the Congress played a pivotal role in articulating Indian grievances and fostering nationalist consciousness among diverse Indian communities. Through its propaganda efforts, including public speeches, publications, and cultural initiatives, the Congress sought to disseminate its ideology, mobilize public opinion, and garner support for its objectives. The early phase of the Congress laid the foundation for future nationalist movements and set the stage for India's eventual independence in 1947.